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A housebarn (also house-barn or house barn) is a building that is a combination of a house and a barn.[1][2]
There are several styles of housebarns. One style is a building where the barn portion shares a wall with the house portion.[3] Sometimes the house portion will extend into part of the loft on the second story of the barn portion.[3] Another style features the barn as the lower portion of the building and the house as the second floor[3] such as the Black Forest house And, similarly but for different reasons, some defensive house structures like the Bastle house and some tower houses combine animals on the ground floor and living quarters above.
Housebarns were built beginning in prehistoric times after people discovered that the body heat of animals helps to warm human living areas.[4] Living with livestock in the combined building also allowed people to be able to prevent thieves from stealing their animals.[1] Housebarns were developed in western Europe, Scandinavia, and the British Isles[5] and continued being built into the 19th century. The first three designs in the 1839 edition of An Encyclopædia of Cottage, Farm, and Villa Architecture and Furniture... were for combined living space for the farm family and there animals.[6] Immigrants to North America rarely built housebarns; they typically divided the barn and house functions into separate buildings[5] although part of New England in particular is known for its connected farms.
Owners have stated that they find it convenient to not have to walk outside while feeding or watching a medical issue such as birth of animal young.[3] They often can hear the animal noises, which can be disruptive or helpful when an animal has problems.[3]
One American builder estimates that 5% of its buildings have an attached living area, some of which are small apartments.[3] They cite several concerns about building a housebarn. Since fewer people are interested in owning a living quarters attached to the house, housebarns have a more limited marketability.[3] This causes lending institutions to be less likely to grant a loan.[3] Bankers are less likely to accept housebarns as collateral.[3] Housebarns are more costly to insure since they are treated like barns, which have a higher risk of fire.[3] The house portion may get unwanted pests that are common in barns like mice, flies, and birds.[3]
Housebarns in Germany are generally called an einhaus (single-house or "all-in-one house"), eindachhof (one-roof-house) or wohnstallhaus (residential barn house).
The Middle German house group includes:
The Middle German houses have a floor plan transverse to the walls where the Low German houses are longitudinal floor plan, three aisled buildings (dreischiffige).
The Low German house group extends from the Netherlands to East Prussia and includes:
The Gulf house (Gulfhaus): Named for the storage area called a gulf. Its range extends across the North Sea coastal regions from West Flanders to Elbe-Weser Triangle. The Gulf house developed from the Old Frisian farmhouse.
The Geestharden house named for the geography of part of the region it is found, the geest, in Northern Germany, Denmark, and northern Netherlands. The Geestharden, Gulf house (including its variant, the Haubarg) and the Low German hall house are the three basic, historic farmhouse types in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein.
Other house types in southern Germany include:
The Upper Lusatian house or Umgebinde is another barn-house type found in a region in part of Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic, a wider range than the historical region of Upper Lusatia. This house is a transversely divided Middle German houses with unique construction features.
The Black Forest house group are found in southwest Germany in the black forest region and include:
Housebarns were common in the Schleswig-Holstein region of German in the 17th and 18th centuries.[7]
Combined farmhouses and barns in a number of different styles can be found in several areas of the Netherlands.[9] A general list of farm types in the Dutch language is here
Hall-farmhouse group (hallenhuisboerderij) also known as the Low German house group:
Cross house group (dwarshuisgroep):
Northern house group (noordelijke huisgroep) also called the Frisian house group (Friese huisgroep):
A kop-hals-rompboerderij in Kollum, Friesland, Netherlands
A Langgevelboerderij, Houthalen, Belgium.
A loes hoes boerderij at the Netherlands Open Air Museum, Arnhem.
Stolpboerderij
stelpboerderij
Oldambtster boerderij. The house is narrower than the barn, the ridges are in-line.
Krukboerderij
Kop-rompboerderij in Opsterland
Dwarsdeelboerderij
Hallenhuisboerderij
Dwarshuistype
Housebarns are more prevalent in areas that were settled by German immigrants. There are twelve historic housebarns in the United States.[2] Many of these housebarns are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
Germany, Hamburg, Social Democratic Party of Germany, Flensburg, Lübeck
Channel Islands, Isle of Man, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom, Scots language
Netherlands, Hall house, Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Hesse
Danish language, Schleswig-Holstein, Gulf house, Low German house, Ice age
Farmhouse, East Frisia, Netherlands, Schleswig-Holstein, Low German house
Autumn, Slate, Cathedrals in Spain, Farmhouse, Geestharden house
French language, Farmhouse, Navarre, Spanish language, Spain
Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Devon, Geestharden house, Korea, Technology
Neolithic, Technology, Geestharden house, Stone Age, Europe