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The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra (Albanian: Sanxhaku i Shkodrës; Serbian: Скадарски санџак; Turkish: İskenderiyye Sancağı or İşkodra Sancağı ) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra after the siege of Shkodra in 1478-9. It was part of Rumelia Eyalet until 1867, when it became a part, together with Sanjak of Skopje, of newly established Scutari Vilayet. In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.
With short interruptions, the territory of northern Albania, including what would become the Sanjak of Scutari, belonged to the Serbian medieval states for many centuries.[1] The first Ottoman censuses (1431, 1467 and 1485) show substantial presence of Slavic toponyms.
The last Slavic dynasty that controlled Shkodra was Balšić noble family.[2] At the end of 14th century the city came under control of the Republic of Venice and after Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra from Venice after the siege of Shkodra in 1478-9,[3] it became the centre of Sanjak of Scutari.
Zeta, a former Ottoman vassal, lost its status as an independent state and was largely incorporated into the Sanjak of Scutari in 1499.[4] In 1514, this territory was separated from the Sanjak of Scutari and established as a separate sanjak, under the rule of Skenderbeg Crnojević. When he died in 1528, the Sanjak of Montenegro was reincorporated into the Sanjak of Scutari as a unique administrative unit (vilayet) with certain degree of autonomy.[5]
The census of 1582—1583 registered the "vilayet of the Black Mountain" (vilayet-i Kara Dağ) as separate administrative unit within Sanjak of Scutari. The vilayet consisted of the following nahiyah and villages: Grbavci with 13 villages, Župa 11, Malonšići 7, Plješivci 14, Cetinje 16, Rijeka 31, Crmnica 11, Paštrovići 36 and Grbalj 9 villages; a total of 148 villages.[6]
Marino Bizzi, the Archbishop of Bar (Antivari), in his 1610 report stated that name of the sanjakbey of Sanjak of Scutari was Ali Pasha.[7]
In the period between 1757 and 1831, the Sanjak of Scutari was elevated to the Pashalik of Scutari, a semi-autonomous[8] pashalik under the Ottoman empire created by the Albanian Bushati family. Its territory encompassed parts of modern-day northern Albania and Montenegro, with its center in city of Shkodër. The weakening of Ottoman central authority and the timar system of land ownership brought anarchy to the West Balkans region of Ottoman Empire. In the late 18th century, two centers of power emerged in this region: Shkodër, under the Bushati family; and Janina, under Ali Pasha of Tepelenë. Both regions cooperated with and defied the Sublime Porte as their interests required.[9]
Before 1867, Shkodër (İşkodra) was a sanjak within the Rumelia Eyalet. In 1867, the Sanjak of Scutari merged with the Sanjak of Üsküb (Skopje), forming the Scutari Vilayet. The vilayet was subsequently divided into three sanjaks: İșkodra (Scutari), Prizren and Dibra. In 1877, the Sanjak of Prizren was transferred to the Kosovo Vilayet, and the Sanjak of Dibra was transferred to the Monastir Vilayet. Following the territorial transfers, the Sanjak of Scutari was subsequently divided into two sanjaks: Sanjak of Scutari and Sanjak of Draç (Durrës).
Following the invasion of Montenegrin forces during the Montenegrin-Ottoman War between 1876 and 1878, ownership of the cities of Bar, Podgorica, and Ulcinj was transferred from the Sanjak of Scutari to the Principality of Montenegro.
In 1900, the Vilayet of Scutari was disestablished, demerging into two separate sanjaks: Sanjak of Scutari and Sanjak of Durrës.
In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.[10]
Based on the people names registered in the census, it may be concluded that population of Sanjak of Scutari was mainly composed of Serbs and Albanians (Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim). There was also certain number of Wallachians, Turks and other people present, mainly in towns.[11]
The first Ottoman census of the Sanjak of Scutari was organized in 1485. It was the third Ottoman census which was organized on the territory within modern Sanjak of Albania. The 1485 census shows that Sanjak of Scutari consisted of four kazas:[12]
The kazas were divided into smaller administrative units, nahiyah.
The census organized in period 1582—1583 shows that there were many nahiyah within Sanjak of Scutari with following number of villages:[13]
There was a total of 709 villages.
Additionally, a smaller part of Ottoman census from 1582—1583 dealt with Montenegro (Vilâyet-i Karaca-dağ) as separate administrative unit within Sanjak of Scutari. This part consisted of following nahiyah and villages:
There was a total of 148 villages belonging to the Montenegrin subdivision.
The 1582—1583 census shows 857 villages and several towns including Shkodër (İşkodra), Peć (İpek), Podgorica (Depedöğen), Bar (Bar) and Ulcinj (Ulçin).
Për katër shekuj me radhë (XI-XIV) me pak ndërprerje krahinat e Shqipërisë Veriore (përafërsisht ato që në të ardhmen do të bëjnë pjesë në sanxhakun e Shkodrës), qëndruan nën sundimin e feudalëve serbë të shtetit të Dioklesë dhe të Rashës.
Me dyndjet sllave pushtohet dhe bëhet kryeqendër e shtetit të Zetës në shek. Xl. Më pas vjen pushtimi i shkurtër Bullgar. Në shekullin XIV bëhet qendër e rëndësishme autonome me institucione të zhvilluara dhe në vitin 1360 bëhet kryeqendër e Principatës së familjes Balshaj.
Më 1396 kalon nën sundimin e Republikës së Venedikut e cila rikonstrukton kalanë dhe qytetin e quan Scutari. ... në vitin 1479 Sulltan Mehmeti II rrethon përsëri Shkodrën me mbi 100'000 ushtarë...
To Ali Pasha, the mighty Sanjak Bey of Shkodra...
Ky sanxhak në vitin 1485 ndahej në katër kaza: të Shkodrës, të Podgoricës, të Pejës dhe të Bihorit.
Turkey, Byzantine Empire, World War I, Turkish language, Sultanate of Rum
Montenegro, Albania, Ottoman Empire, Kosovo, Shkodër County
Kosovo, Serbian language, Pristina, Municipalities of Kosovo, Albanian language
Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Belgrade, Zagreb
Italian language, Venice, Italy, Crete, Venetian language
Ottoman empire, Sanjak of Scutari, Shkodër, Montenegro, Kara Mahmud Bushati
Albania, Ottoman Empire, Kingdom of Serbia, Republic of Macedonia, Principality of Albania
Peć, Kosovo, Ottoman Empire, World War II, Montenegro
Ottoman Empire, Shkodër, Podgorica, Montenegro, Sanjak of Scutari
Albania, World War I, Durrës, Ottoman Empire, Greece