World Health Organization ; World Health Organization Offeset Publication No. 58: Progress in the Characterization of Venoms and Standardization of Antivenoms

By World Health Organization

Book Id: WPLBN0000060083
Format Type: PDF eBook:
File Size: 1.92 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization ; World Health Organization Offeset Publication No. 58: Progress in the Characterization of Venoms and Standardization of Antivenoms
Author:	World Health Organization
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Health Organization, B. W. (n.d.). World Health Organization ; World Health Organization Offeset Publication No. 58. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
PREFACE This account of recent progress in the characterization of venoms and the standardization of antivenoms is based on the report of a WHO Coordination Meeting on Venoms and Antivenoms, which was held in Zurich, Switzerland, from 24 to 27 September 1979. The participants in that meeting are listed in Annex 9. The remaining eight annexes provide much useful supplementary information, including detailed instructions for the processing and characterization of venoms and for the processing and standardization of antivenoms.

Table of Contents
CONTENTS Page Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Incidence and mortality of snake bites. scorpion stings. and spider bites . . . . . 5 Medically important species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Clinically important features of envenoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Systemic envenoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Localenvenoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Autopharmacological features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The characterization of venoms and standardization of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Theprovisionofvenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The characterization of venoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The provision of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Immunization schedules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The refining of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Thepotencyassay of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Standardization of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The description. storage. and distribution-of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 DSitsotrraigbeu ti.o.n .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .................................. 1111 Expiry date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 The clinical use of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Clinicalefficacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Dosage. time.factor. and monitoring problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Paraspecific activity of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Preferred routes of administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Clinicaltrials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Reactions to antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Early reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Later antivenom reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Anticomplementary activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Prediction and prevention of reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Treatment of reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Active immunization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Vaccines against snake bite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Vaccines against scorpion stings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Annex 1 . Snake-bite mortality in South-East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Annex2 . Medically important snake species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Annex 3 . Provision. processing. and characterization of venoms . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Annex 4. Table of poisonous animals and available antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Annex 5 . Processing and standardization of antivenoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Annex 6 . Storage. especially in the tropics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Annex 7 . Antivenom reactions in North-West Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Annex 8 . Active immunization . . . . .