Arsenic in Drinking Water Rule Economic Analysis

By Bennett, John B.

Book Id: WPLBN0000064013
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 0.9 MB
Reproduction Date: 2007

Title:	Arsenic in Drinking Water Rule Economic Analysis
Author:	Bennett, John B.
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Ecology, Natural resource issues, Environemtal protection
Collections:	Environmental Awareness Library Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	United States Environmental Protection Agency


Citation APA MLA Chicago Bennett, J. B. (n.d.). Arsenic in Drinking Water Rule Economic Analysis. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.cc/

Description
Excerpt: Tsai et al. (1999) identified “bronchitis, liver cirrhosis, nephropathy, intestinal cancer, rectal cancer, laryngeal cancer, and cerebrovascular disease” as possibly “related to chronic arsenic exposure via drinking water,” which had not been reported before. In addition, the study area had upper respiratory tract cancers previously only related to occupational inhalation. High male mortality rate (SMR > 3) existed for bladder, kidney, skin, lung, and nasal cavity cancers and for vascular disease. However, the authors noted that the mortality range was marginal for leukemia, cerebrovascular disease, liver cirrhosis, nephropathy, and diabetes. Females also had high mortalities for laryngeal cancer. There are, of course, possible differences between the population and health care in Taiwan and the United States. For example, arsenic levels in the U.S. are not as high as they were in the study area of Taiwan. However, the study gives an indication of the types of health effects that may be associated with arsenic exposure via drinking water.

Table of Contents
Contents Chapter 1: Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.1 Regulatory Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.2 Health Effects of Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.3 Regulatory Alternatives Considered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1.4 Benefits and Costs of the Proposed Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 Chapter 2: Need for the Revised Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.2 Public Health Concerns To Be Addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.2.1 Health Effects of Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.2.2 Sources and Mechanisms of Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2.3 Regulatory History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2.4 Rationale for the Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.4.1 Statutory Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2.4.2 Economic Rationale for Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 Chapter 3: Consideration of Regulatory Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1 Regulatory Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1.1 Determining the Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1.2 Determining the MCLG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1.3 Determining an MCL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.1.4 Variances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.1.5 Analytical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.2 Regulatory Alternatives Considered and Final Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.2.1 Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.2.2 Maximum Contaminant Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.2.3 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.2.4 Compliance Technologies and Variances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.2.5 Monitoring Waivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.2.6 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Chapter 4: Baseline Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.2 Industry Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.2.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.2.2 Sources of Industry Profile Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4.2.3 Number and Size of Public Water Systems . . . . . . . .