World Health Organization Publication : Year 2000 ; Issue 9241530235: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 23 ; 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Hcfc-123)

By S. Kristensen

Book Id: WPLBN0000156863
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 0.2 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization Publication : Year 2000 ; Issue 9241530235: Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 23 ; 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-Trifluoroethane (Hcfc-123)
Author:	S. Kristensen
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Kristensen, S. (n.d.). World Health Organization Publication : Year 2000 ; Issue 9241530235. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This CICAD was based principally on the assessments of the occupational health and environmental effects of 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) completed under the Australian National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) and published in March 1996 (NICNAS, 1996) and July 1999 (NICNAS, 1999). Relevant information that has become available since completion of the NICNAS reports or that was identified in a comprehensive search of several on-line databases up to August 1999 has also been assessed and included in this CICAD. This CICAD is an update of the review of HCFC-123 in the monograph Environmental Health Criteria 139 (IPCS, 1992), prompted by the advent of new and significant data. Information on the nature of the peer review and the availability of the source documents is presented in Appendix 1. Information on the peer review of this CICAD is presented in Appendix 2. The CICAD was approved for publication at a meeting of the Final Review Board, held in Sydney, Australia, on 21– 24 November 1999. Participants at the Final Review Board meeting are listed in Appendix 3. The International Chemical Safety Card (ICSC 1343) for 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1- trifluoroethane, produced by the International Programme on Chemical Safety, has been reproduced in Appendix 4 (IPCS, 1998). HCFC-123 (CAS No. 306-83-2) is a synthetic, noncombustible, volatile liquid that is used as a refrigerant in commercial and industrial air-conditioning installations, in gaseous fire extinguishants, as a foam-blowing agent, and in metal and electronics cleaning. Its ozonedepleting potential is only 2% of that of CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane). It has a global warming potential of 300 over a 20-year time horizon relative to carbon dioxide. As such, HCFC-123 is currently used as a transitional replacement for chlorofluorocarbons and bromofluorocarbons phased out pursuant to the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The 1992 Copenhagen Amendment to the Montreal Protocol requires that HCFC-123 and other hydrochlorofluorocarbons be phased out by 2020.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2. IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.1 Environmental levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.2 Human exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7. COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.1 Single exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.2 Irritation and sensitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.3 Short-term exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.4 Long-term exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.4.1 Subchronic exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.4.2 Chronic exposure and carcinogenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 8.5 Genotoxicity and related end-points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8.6 Reproductive and developmental toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9. EFFECTS ON HUMANS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 10. EFFECTS ON OTHER ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11. EFFECTS EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11.1 Evaluation of health effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11.1.1 Hazard identification and dose–response assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11.1.2 Criteria for setting tolerable intakes or guidance values for HCFC-123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .